Monetary policy used to be the main focus for running the economy. If demand and inflation rose too quickly, then interest rates would be raised to cool things down. When demand and inflation slowed, interest rates would be reduced to encourage “pent-up demand” to return.
After the start of the Financial Crisis, central banks promised that lower interest rates and money-printing would have the same impact. They were sure that reducing interest rates to near-zero levels would create vast amounts of “pent-up demand”, and get the economy moving again. But as the chart shows for US GDP, they were wrong:
□ It shows the rolling 10-year average for US GDP since 1950, to highlight longer-term trends
□ It confirms the stability seen between 1983 – 2007 during the BabyBoomer-led economic SuperCycle
□ The economy suffered just 16 months of recession in 25 years, as monetary policy balanced supply and demand
□ But the trend has been steadily downwards since 2008, despite the record levels of stimulus
The clear conclusion is that monetary policy is no longer effective for managing the economy.
Encouragingly, the UK Parliament’s Treasury Committee has now launched a formal Inquiry to investigate ‘The Effectiveness and impact of post-2008 UK monetary policy‘. We have therefore taken the opportunity to submit our evidence, showing that demographics, not monetary policy, is now key to economic performance. We argue that:
It was clearly important until 2000, when the great majority of people were in the Wealth Creator 25 – 54 age group (which dominates consumption and therefore drives GDP growth). But its impact is now declining year by year as more and more BabyBoomers move into the 55+ age group – when incomes and spending begin to decline quite rapidly
Friedman’s analysis of the effectiveness of monetary policy, when he argued that “inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon”, is therefore no longer valid. Modigliani’s “Life Cycle theory of consumption” is similarly out of date
The issue is simply that both Friedman and Modigliani were working in an environment which assumed that people were born, educated, worked – and then died soon after reaching pension age. In these circumstance, their theories were perfectly valid and extremely useful for modelling the economy
Today, however, the rapid increase in life expectancy, together with the collapse of Western fertility rates below replacement level, means that a paradigm shift has taken place. People are now born, educated, work – and then continue to live for another 20 years after retirement, before dying
The essential issue is that “you can’t print babies”. Monetary policy cannot solve the demographic challenges that now face the UK (and global) economy
We therefore hope that the Committee will conclude that monetary policy should no longer be regarded as the major mechanism for sustaining UK growth
Please click here if you would like to read the evidence in detail.