Maleic anhydride (MA)

SINGAPORE (ICIS)–China's oxo-alcohols market will face a supply glut in the face of intensive new plant start-ups and tepid downstream demand. Net import volumes may plunge in the short term because of overseas plant turnarounds and rising domestic supply, whether this can sustain depends on overseas plant operations and import arbitrage opportunities. In this latest podcast, ICIS editors Claire Gao and Jady Ma share the latest developments and expectations for what lies ahead. New oxo-alcohols capacities hit 1.3 million tonnes/year in July-Oct 2024 Oxo-alcohols supply to rise steadily in short term on few maintenance outages Oxo-alcohols net imports to decline on overseas plant turnarounds, rising domestic output

07-Nov-2024

LONDON (ICIS)–Here are some of the top stories from ICIS Europe for the week ended 20 September. Sluggish demand keeps Europe oxo-alcohols prices stable despite some constraints Prices in the European oxo-alcohols spot market held steady for all grades this week, although some producers had supply constraints, as demand remained underwhelming. Africa PE/PP prices tumble on high stocks, fierce competition among sellers African polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) prices are stable to down this week, as buyers increasingly find themselves in a strong position. Europe BD supply likely to stay tight until year-end Several production events have shaped the European butadiene (BD) market in 2024, and this looks set to continue through the fourth quarter. Europe MA spot prices stable, but offers for October firming on reduced local output European maleic anhydride (MA) spot prices were stable last week, but offers for October delivery were firming. Urea short-term trend firms after India tender, but global demand still lacking A lack of buying interest at all import hubs except for India will keep any upside capped for urea, but the short-term trend has stabilized after National Fertilizers Limited (NFL) bought over a million tonnes.

23-Sep-2024

SAO PAULO (ICIS)–The Brazilian government’s committee on foreign trade Gecex-Camex approved late on Wednesday an increase in import taxes on more than 80 chemical and fertilizers products, with the new rate up to 20% for most materials. Among some of the products affected are widely used chemicals such polypropylene (PP), polyethylene, (PE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polystyrene (PS), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). See bottom list for details. Previous rates stood between 7.6% and 12.6%. The new rates will apply from October and are valid for one year. The decision is yet to be approved by Mercosur, the trading common area formed by Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, as well as Brazil, which is the dominant economy in Mercosur. The cabinet, thus, gave in partly to the pressure by chemical producers in Brazil. Earlier this year, individual companies as well as the trade group representing producers, Abiquim, had proposed to increase tariffs in more than 100 chemicals. The decision was widely anticipated by analysts, and it is expected to immediately prop up earnings for some of Brazil’s largest producers such polymers major Braskem or chlor-alkali major Unipar. Brazil has been the recipient of large amounts of imports from Asia and, to a lesser extent, the US which have greatly dented domestic producers’ market share. Sectors that opposed increasing tariffs, including plastic transformers represented by Abiplast, expressed their disappointment after Wednesday’s measure by Gecex-Camex. “[The decision was taken even though] Abiplast and other trade groups have exhaustively demonstrated to the government the harmful impacts of increases in import tariffs on raw materials,” said Jose Ricardo Roriz Coelho, president of Abiplast, in a letter to the trade group’s members seen by ICIS. “We will continue to fight to ensure that these unreasonable measures are reversed.” Product Current Tax Rate Proposed Tax Rate Plaintiff Phosphoric acid with iron content less than 750 ppm 9% 17.5% Abiquim Sodium hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate) 9% 20%* Abiquim Isobutyl alcohol (2-methyl-1-propanol) 10.80% 20% Abiquim Isobutyl alcohol (2-methyl-1-propanol) 10.80% 20% Elekeiroz Inc. Phenol (hydroxybenzene) and its salts 7.20% 12.6%* Abiquim Phenol (hydroxybenzene) and its salts 7.20% 12.6%* Rhodia Brasil SA Butanone (methyl ethyl ketone) 10.80% 20% Abiquim Ethyl acetate 10.80% 20% Abiquim n-butyl acetate 10.80% 20% Abiquim n-butyl acetate 10.80% 20% Rhodia Brasil SA Other saturated acyclic monoalcohol acetates, c atom <= 8 10.80% 20% Abiquim Methacrylic acid methyl esters 10.80% 20% Abiquim Methacrylic acid methyl esters 10.80% 20% Unigel Holdings Inc. Adipic acid 9% 20% Abiquim Adipic acid 9% 20% Rhodia Brasil SA Maleic anhydride 10.80% 20% Abiquim Maleic anhydride 10.80% 20% Elekeiroz Inc. Fumaric acid, its salts and esters 10.80% 20% Abiquim Dioctyl orthophthalates 10.80% 20% Abiquim Dioctyl orthophthalates 10.80% 20% Elekeiroz Inc. Dinonyl or didecyl orthophthalates 10.80% 20% Abiquim Hexamethylenediamine and its salts 10.80% 20% Abiquim Monoethanolamine and its salts 12.60% 20% Abiquim Other anionic organic surface-active agents, whether or not put up for retail sale, not classified under previous codes 12.60% 20% Abiquim Polyethylene with a density of less than 0.94, with filler 12.60% 20% Abiquim Polyethylene with a density of less than 0.94, without filler 12.60% 20% Abiquim Other unfilled polyethylenes, density >= 0.94, in primary forms 12.60% 20% Abiquim Other copolymers of ethylene and vinyl acetate, in primary forms 12.60% 20% Abiquim Copolymers of ethylene and alpha-olefin, with a specific gravity of less than 0.94 12.60% 20% Abiquim Unfilled polypropylene in primary form 12.60% 20% Abiquim Propylene copolymers, in primary forms 12.60% 20% Abiquim Expandable polystyrene, unfilled, in primary form 12.60% 18% Abiquim Other styrene polymers, in primary forms 12.60% 20% Abiquim Other styrene polymers, in primary forms 12.60% 20% Unigel Holdings Inc. Polyvinyl chloride, unmixed with other substances, obtained by suspension process 12.60% 20% Abiquim Polyethylene terephthalate of a viscosity index of 78 ml/g or more 12.60% 20% Abiquim Polyethylene terephthalate of a viscosity index of 78 ml/g or more 12.60% 20% Alpek Polyester Pernambuco SA Other unsaturated polyethers, in primary forms 12.60% 20% Abiquim Ex – Surfactant polymer class preparation, silicone free 12.60% 12.60% Abiquim Ex – Solvent-free modified polyester class preparation 12.60% 12.60% Abiquim White mineral oils (vaseline or paraffin oils) 3.60% 35% Abiquim Silicon dioxide obtained by chemical precipitation 9% 18% Abiquim Silicon dioxide obtained by chemical precipitation 9% 17% Rhodia Brasil SA Other silicon dioxides 0% 18% Abiquim Commercial ammonium carbonates and other ammonium carbonates 9% 18% Abiquim Styrene 9% 18% Abiquim Styrene 9% 18% Unigel Holdings Inc. Butan-1-ol (n-butyl alcohol) 10.80% 20% Abiquim Butan-1-ol (n-butyl alcohol) 10.80% 20% Elekeiroz Inc. Propylene glycol (propane-1, 2-diol) 10.80% 20% Abiquim Dipropylene glycol 12.60% 20% Abiquim Triacetin 10.80% 20% Abiquim Triacetin 10.80% 20% Denver Specialty Chemicals 2-Ethylexanoic acid (2-ethylexoic acid) 10.80% 20% Abiquim 2-Ethylexanoic acid (2-ethylexoic acid) 10.80% 20% Elekeiroz Inc. Salts and esters of adipic acid 10.80% 20% Abiquim Other esters of orthophthalic acid 10.80% 20% Abiquim Other esters of orthophthalic acid 10.80% 20% Elekeiroz Inc. Phthalic anhydride 10.80% 20% Abiquim Phthalic anhydride 10.80% 20% Petrom Petrochemicals Mogi das Cruzes S/A Ammonium nitrate, even in aqueous solution 0% 15% Abiquim Pigments and preparations based on these pigments 12.60% 20% Abiquim Linear alkylbenzene sulfonic acids and their salts 12.60% 23% Abiquim Organic surface-active agents, non-ionic 12.60% 23% Abiquim Alkylbenzene mixtures 10.80% 20% Abiquim Stearic acid (industrial monocarboxylic fatty acid) 5.40% 35% Abiquim Stearic alcohol (industrial fatty alcohol) 12.60% 20% Abiquim Sodium methylate in methanol 12.60% 20% Abiquim Other ethylene polymers, in primary forms 12.60% 20% Abiquim Filled polypropylene, in primary form 12.60% 20% Abiquim Other polystyrenes in primary forms 12.60% 20% Abiquim Other polystyrenes in primary forms 12.60% 20% Unigel Holdings Inc. Polyvinyl chloride, unmixed with other substances, obtained by emulsion process 12.60% 20% Abiquim Polymethyl methacrylate, in primary form 12.60% 20% Abiquim Polymethyl methacrylate, in primary form 12.60% 20% Unigel Holdings Inc. Other polyether polyols, in primary forms 12.60% 20% Abiquim Other polyesters in liquids and pastes 12.60% 20% Abiquim Other polyurethanes in liquids and pastes 12.60% 20% Abiquim Carboxymethyl cellulose with content >=75%, in primary forms 12.60% 20% Abiquim Carboxymethyl cellulose with content >=75%, in primary forms 12.60% 20% Denver Specialty Chemicals Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), food grade according to the Food Chemical Codex, in primary forms 10.80% 22% Abiquim Acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber in sheets, plates, etc. 10.80% 35% Abiquim Latex of other synthetic or artificial rubbers 10.80% 35% Abiquim  

19-Sep-2024

LONDON (ICIS)–Here are some of the top stories from ICIS Europe for the week ended 16 August. Europe MA prices remain under upward pressure as new production issue curbs Sept availability European maleic anhydride (MA) spot prices continue to be under upward pressure this week as constraints in northwest Europe seem poised to restrict availability for September, too. Europe fatty alcohol spot prices stabilise after bullish H1 August European mid-cut fatty alcohol spot prices held steady this week after two consecutive weeks of €50/tonne increases. Eurozone chemical production up in June, Q2 GDP rises 0.3% Chemical production firmed in the eurozone for the second consecutive month amid a wider decline in industrial production during the month, with GDP in the region continuing to firm, growing by 0.3% in the second quarter. Germany’s Aug economic outlook down on US economy, Mideast concerns Sentiment for Germany’s economic outlook fell sharply in August on concerns over the US economy and the protracted conflict in the Middle East. MA rebounds in northwest Europe on new outage, price gap with south of region grows European maleic anhydride (MA) spot prices firmed this week on supply constraints in northwest and central Europe that arose in the first half of the week.

19-Aug-2024

LONDON (ICIS)–Here are some of the top stories from ICIS Europe for the week ended Friday 28 July. Soft MA demand pressures prices lower, Red Sea tensions cap supply European maleic anhydride (MA) spot prices have softened as availability improved while poor demand slowed orders for July deliveries. Europe capro supply could be more balanced in July Following the severe shortages the European caprolactam (capro) market has struggled with over the past few months, supply is expected to be more balanced with demand in July. Europe orthoxylene sentiment for July stable-to-soft as feedstock costs show a mixed trend Europe orthoxylene (OX) contract price discussions for July are due to start next week amid persistently weak demand and mixed feedstock xylenes movements. Covestro to save €400m/year by 2028 through focus on digitalization, AI Covestro will save €400 million annually in material and personnel costs by the end of 2028 through a transformation programme focused on digitalization and artificial intelligence, it said on Tuesday. ADNOC and Covestro in concrete negotiations following €11.7bn offer Covestro and ADNOC have begun concrete negotiations on a possible investment by the Abu Dhabi oil company that would value the German chemical producer’s equity at €11.7bn, Covestro said on Monday.

01-Jul-2024

SINGAPORE (ICIS)–ICIS editors Hwee Hwee Tan and Jady Ma discuss current trends in Asia's acetic acid market. China demand softens on difficulty in passing on high costs to downstream users India inventory at multi-month high since end-2023 South Korea plant restart dents northeast Asia spot demand (This podcast first ran on 24 May.) Visit ICIS during APIC ’24 on 30-31 May at Booth 13, Grand Ballroom Foyer of the Grand InterContinental Seoul Parnas in South Korea. Book a meeting with ICIS here.

29-May-2024

SINGAPORE (ICIS)–In this podcast, ICIS editors Hwee Hwee Tan and Jady Ma discuss the current trends in Asia's acetic acid market. China demand softens on difficulty in passing on high costs to downstream users India inventory at multimonth high since end 2023 South Korea plant restart dents northeast Asia spot demand

24-May-2024

SINGAPORE (ICIS)–Here are the top stories from ICIS News Asia and the Middle East for the week ended 3 April 2024. Asian BD discussions under pressure as buying slows down By Ai Teng Lim 03-May-24 11:06 SINGAPORE (ICIS)–Asian spot butadiene (BD) import discussions are slipping due to slowing demand, fueled by holiday closures this week and persistent external macroeconomic headwinds. SABIC Q1 net income falls 62%, warns of industry overcapacity By Nurluqman Suratman 02-May-24 10:55 SINGAPORE (ICIS)–SABIC's net income fell by 62% year on year to Saudi Riyal (SR) 250 million in the first quarter amid a drop in prices and sales volumes, the chemicals major said late on Wednesday. CHINAPLAS ’24: PODCAST: China's polymer industry targeting high-end products amid fierce competition By Zhibo Xiao 30-Apr-24 16:17 SINGAPORE (ICIS)–ICIS analysts Sijia Li, Yvonne Shi, Zhibo Xiao, Lucy Shuai, Joanne Wang and Cindy Qiu discuss the trends in China's polyolefins and polyester markets. China domestic acetic acid demand to weaken; sellers eye more exports By Jady Ma 30-Apr-24 11:25 SINGAPORE (ICIS)–China’s domestic acetic acid market may face headwinds from increased supply and weaker demand in May after generally firming up in April, while producers are exporting more volumes. Asia BPA makers will not increase run rates until margins improve By Li Peng Seng 29-Apr-24 12:25 SINGAPORE (ICIS)–Asian bisphenol A (BPA) makers are expected to stay entrenched in the months ahead despite falling Chinese imports, as they seek to combat firm feedstock costs. Saudi Aramco, Chinese Rongsheng plan liquids-to-chemicals JV in Jubail By Nurluqman Suratman 29-Apr-24 11:55 SINGAPORE (ICIS)–Saudi energy giant Aramco and Chinese Rongsheng Petrochemical are planning a joint venture liquid-to-chemicals expansion project in Jubail, Saudi Arabia.

06-May-2024

RIO DE JANEIRO (ICIS)–Huntsman’s assets in Europe are not energy intensive and have been spared from the energy crisis, but more broadly, the 27-country EU is still lacking a comprehensive policy to address the issue, the CEO at US chemicals major Huntsman said on Friday. Peter Huntsman, one of the chemical industry’s most outspoken CEOs, said the company is not planning to divest any asset in Europe but said the region should stop its “nonsense” about reindustrialization and implement policies that create actual economic growth. The CEO added he is feeling “bullish” about the coming quarters regarding demand, arguing the chemical industry had gone to “hell” and was just coming back from the steep low prices of 2023. In North America, Huntsman said the construction industry should post a marked recovery in the coming quarters after two years in the doldrums because of high interest rates because, he argued, even with current interest rates, the industry will adapt. Huntsman’s sales and earnings in the first quarter fell again, year on year, as higher sales volumes could not offset low selling prices; the company said, however, that a notable improvement in sales volumes quarter on quarter should be a signal that the recovery is underway. Among others, Huntsman produces polyurethanes (PUs), which are widely used in the construction and automotive sectors. EUROPE NONSENSEPeter Huntsman on Friday first referred to the EU’s need to stop its “nonsense” about reindustrialisation, without elaborating further, but he was more measured when asked about the company’s assets in that region. He nonetheless made clear that he thinks European governments have yet to formulate, two years into the region’s biggest energy crisis in decades, appropriate policies to address the issue. “What I am most concerned about Europe is high energy costs. Most of our businesses there are not energy intensive assets, so they are competitive; in fact we have some strong businesses there, and our margins in Advanced Materials [the division] are stronger there than in other parts of the world,” said Huntsman, speaking to reporters and chemical equity analysts on Friday. “There are businesses in Europe in which you will do OK, such as aerospace, lightweighting. But if you are energy intensive, if you produce fertilizers, glass, cement… you have some portfolio concerns there. Energy prices are too high, and this is not being addressed by governments, they still have to come up with realistic policies to address that.” Europe’s construction has also taken a hit from the crisis after interest rates shot up to bring down inflation, with projects put on hold and many building companies in financial distress. Huntsman’s CEO said he is not hoping for a strong recovery anymore in that sector in Europe, but simply for stability, which could come with governments taking more decisive action to prop up GDP growth. “If we look at the past two years… We are looking for stability: it is the volatility that concerns us the most. We need to see Europe stop its the nonsense policies around reindustrialization and get the economy growing once again,” he said. See Huntsman assets in Europe at bottom table. NORTH AMERICA CONSTRUCTIONPeter Huntsman was feeling more optimistic about North America’s construction sector, where even if high interest rates stay for longer, builders will adapt to the situation, easing the way towards a recovery. “US builders are doing two things: if interest rates were to stay where they are, they are going to adapt, perhaps building smaller units, and if rates do come down, that will open up demand quite a bit higher than it has been in the last couple of years. There are big gaps [in housing stock] which need to filled,” said Huntsman. “I am increasingly feeling better and better [about an improvement in demand]. In Q1 we saw a lot of inventory drawdown, now we are seeing a slow, steady recovery as we try to get back to average inventory levels. By and large inventory levels feel pretty thin in MDI [methylene diphenyl diisocyanate] and we look forward to moderate growth in coming quarters.” MDI is consumed mainly in PU foams, used in construction, refrigeration, packaging, and insulation. MDI is also used to make binders, elastomers, adhesives, sealants, coatings and fibers. Huntsman’s CFO, Philip Lister, also at the press conference, added that in a normal year the company’s growth in volumes from the first quarter to the second would be around 5%, as construction and other seasonal activities enter their annual peak. “This year, we are expecting more [than 5% growth],” said Lister. CHINA ELECTRIC VEHICLESHuntsman’s CEO said China’s electric vehicle (EV) sector continues to boom, although potential trade restrictions in the EU, after those imposed by the US, could start denting China’s dominance in that sector. However, the company also knows what China’s dominance in the sector, thanks to the country’s strong public support for it, can mean for western producers: in 2023, Huntsman suspended an EV battery materials project in the US because of aggressive imports from China. But the CEO added that even if China’s EV sector slowed down, the company would still be able to tap into other growing markets such as lightweighting or insulation, among others. “The automotive sector continues to be one of the strongest areas of growth in China. How long that continues [remains to be seen], but probably for some time still,” said Huntsman. “There is a broader question about [trade in the EV chain] with the US, which has been extremely limited, or Europe, where there is a lot of talk about limitations to China’s EVs.” He added that despite sluggish activity in the residential construction sector because of financial woes in building companies, exemplified by the demise of major company Evergrande, subsectors such as energy conservation, insulation, building materials and infrastructure are still doing well. “By and large we are seeing in China a slow but steady recovery in volumes and pricing. Elsewhere, I am getting more bullish. A year ago, we were in a nightmare, and we expected a recovery in the second half [of 2023] which didn’t happen and got worse and worse, until we found ourselves in hell,” said Huntsman. “At the beginning of this year we have seen good, reliable, consistent growth. What we need to see is that growth continues in the second half of this year.” HUNTSMAN ASSETS IN EUROPE Product Location Capacity (in tonnes) Aniline Wilton, UK 340,000 Epoxy resins Bergkamen, Germany 18,000 Monthey, Switzerland 120,000 Duxford, UK 10,000 Isocyanates Runcorn, UK 70,000 Maleic anhydride (MA) Moers, Germany 105,000 MDI Rozenburg, The Netherlands 470,000 Nitrobenzenes Wilton, UK 455,000 Polyalolef Grimsby, UK 15,000 Polyester polyols Huddersfield, UK 20,000 Rozenburg, The Netherlands 86,000 Unsaturated polyester resins (UPRs) Ternate, Italy 8,000 Source: ICIS Supply & Demand Database Front page picture: Huntsman’s headquarters in The Woodlands, Texas  Source: Huntsman Additional reporting by Miguel Rodriguez-Fernandez

03-May-2024

SAO PAULO (ICIS)–Brazilian chemicals producers are lobbying hard for an increase in import tariffs for key polymers and petrochemicals from 12.6% to 20%, and higher in cases, hoping the hike could slow down the influx of cheap imports, which have put them against the wall. For some products, Brazil’s chemicals trade group Abiquim, which represents producers, has made official requests for the import tariffs to go up to a hefty 35%, from 9% in some cases. On Tuesday, Abiquim said several of its member companies “are already talking about hibernating plants” due to unprofitable economics. It did so after it published another set of somber statistics for the first quarter, when imports continued entering Brazil em masse. Brazil’s government Chamber of Foreign Commerce (Camex) is concluding on Tuesday a public consultation about this, with its decision expected in coming weeks. Abiquim has been busy with the public consultation: it has made as many as 66 proposals for import tariffs to be hiked for several petrochemicals and fertilizers, including widely used polymers such polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polystyrene (PS), or expandable PS (EPS), to mention just a few. Other chemicals trade groups, as well as companies, have also filed requests for import tariffs to be increased. In total, 110 import tariffs. HARD TO FIGHT OFFBrazil has always depended on imports to cover its internal chemicals demand, but the extraordinary low prices coming from competitors abroad has made Brazil’s chemicals plant to run with operating rates of 65% or lower. More and more, the country’s chemicals facilities are becoming white elephants which are far from their potential, as customers find in imported product more competitive pricing. Considering this dire situation and taking into account that the current government in Brasilia led by Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva may be more receptive to their demands, Abiquim has put a good fight in publica and private for measure which could shore up chemical producers’ competitiveness. This could come after the government already hiked import tariffs on several products in 2023 and re-introduced a tax break, called REIQ, for some chemicals which had been withdrawn by the previous Administration. While Brazil’s chemicals production competitiveness is mostly affected by higher input costs, with natural gas costs on average five times higher than in the US, the industry is hopeful a helping hand from the government in the form of higher import tariffs could slow down the flow of imports into Brazil. As a ‘price taker region’ given its dependence on imports, Latin American domestic producers have taken a hit in the past two years. In Brazil, polymers major Braskem is Abiquim’s commanding voice. Abiquim, obviously, has always been very outspoken – even apocalyptic – about the fate of its members as they try to compete with overseas countries, namely China who has been sending abroad product at below cost of production. The priorities in China’s dictatorial system are not related to the balance of markets, but to keep employment levels stable so its citizens find fewer excuses to protest against the regime which keeps them oppressed. Capitalist market dynamics are for the rest of the world to balance; in China’s dictatorial, controlled-economy regime the priority is to make people feel the regime’s legitimacy can come from never-ending economic growth. The results of such a policy for the rest of the world – not just in chemicals but in all industrial goods – is becoming clear: unprofitable industries which cannot really compete with heavily subsidized Chinese players. The results of such a policy in China are yet to be seen, but subsiding at all costs any industry which creates employment may have debt-related lasting consequences: as they mantra goes, “there is no such thing as a free lunch.” Abiquim’s executive president urged Lula’s cabinet to look north, to the US, where the government has imposed hefty tariffs on almost all China-produced industrial goods or raw materials for manufacturing production. “[The hikes in import tariffs] have improved the US’ scenario: despite the aggressive advance in exports by Asian countries, the drop in US [chemicals] production in 2023 was of 1%, while in Brazil the index for production fell nearly by 10%,” said Andre Passos. “The country adopted an increase in import taxes of over 30% to defend its market from unfair competition. The taxation for some inputs, such as phenol, resins and adipic [acid], for example, exceeds three digits. “Here, we are suggesting an increase in rates to 20% in most claims … We need to have this breathing space for the industry to recover,” he concluded. As such, the figures for the first quarter showed no sign of imports into Brazil slowing down. The country posted a trade deficit $9.9 billion during the January-March period; the 12-month accumulated (April 2023 to March 2024) deficit stood at $44.7 billion. A record high of 61.2 million tonnes of chemicals products entered Brazil in Q1; in turn, the country’s industry exported 14.6 million tonnes. Abiquim proposals for higher import tariffs Product Current import tariff Proposed tariff Expandable polystyrene, unfilled, in primary form 12.6% 20% Other polystyrenes in primary forms 12.6% 20% Carboxymethylcellulose with content > =75%, in primary forms 12.6% 20% Other polyurethanes in liquids and pastes 12.6% 20% Phthalic anhydride 10.8% 20%  Sodium hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate) 9% 35% Copolymers of ethylene and alpha-olefin, with a density of less than 0.94 12.6% 20% Other orthophthalic acid esters 11% 20% Other styrene polymers, in primary forms 12.6% 20% Other silicon dioxides 0% 18% Other polyesters in liquids and pastes  12.6% 20% Commercial ammonium carbonates and other ammonium carbonates 9% 18% Other unsaturated polyethers, in primary forms 12.6% 20% Polyethylene terephthalate, with a viscosity index of 78 ml/g or more 12.6% 20% Phosphoric acid with an iron content of less than 750 ppm 9% 18% Dinonyl or didecyl orthophthalates 11% 20% Poly(vinyl chloride), not mixed with other substances, obtained by suspension process 12.6% 20% Poly(vinyl chloride), not mixed with other substances, obtained by emulsion process 12.6% 20% Methyl polymethacrylate, in primary form  12.6% 20% White mineral oils (vaseline or paraffin oils) 4% 35% Other polyetherpolyols, in primary forms 12.6% 20% Other unfilled epoxy resins in primary forms 12.6% 20% Silicon dioxide obtained by chemical precipitation 9% 18% Acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber in plates, sheets, etc 11% 35% Other organic anionic surface agents, whether or not put up for retail sale, not classified under previous codes 12.6% 23% Phenol (hydroxybenzene) and its salts 7% 20% Fumaric acid, its salts and esters 10 ,8% 20% Plasticizers and plastics 10 ,8% 20% Maleic anhydride 10 ,8% 20% Adipic acid salts and esters 10 ,8% 20% Propylene copolymers, in primary forms 12.6% 20% Adipic acid 9% 20% Unfilled polypropylene, in primary form 12.6% 20% Filled polypropylene, in primary form 12.6% 20% Methacrylic acid methyl esters 10 ,8% 20% Other ethylene polymers, in primary forms 12.6% 20% Acrylic acid 2-ethylhexyl esters 0% 20% 2-Ethylexanoic acid (2-ethylexoic acid) 10. 8% 20% Other copolymers of ethylene and vinyl acetate, in primary forms 12.6% 20% Other unfilled polyethylenes, density >= 0.94, in primary forms 12.6% 20% Polyethylene with a density of less than 0.94, unfilled 12.6% 20% Other saturated acyclic monoalcohol acetates, c atom <= 8 10. 8% 20% Polyethylene with a density of less than 0.94, with filler 12.6% 20% Triacetin 10. 8% 20% Sodium methylate in methanol 12.6% 20% Stearic alcohol (industrial fatty alcohol) 12.6% 20% N-butyl acetate                              11% 20% Stearic acid (industrial monocarboxylic fatty acid) 5% 35% Alkylbenzene mixtures 11% 20% Organic, non-ionic surface agents 12.6% 23% Ammonium nitrate, whether or not in aqueous solution 0.0% 15% Monoethanolamine and its salts 12.6% 20% Isobutyl alcohol (2-methyl-1-propanol) 10.8% 20% Butan-1-ol (n-butyl alcohol) 10.8% 20% Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), food grade as established by the Food Chemical Codex, in primary forms 10.8% 22% Styrene                                9% 18% Hexamethylenediamine and its salts 10.8% 20% Latex from other synthetic or artificial rubbers 10.8% 35% Propylene glycol (propane-1, 2-diol) 10.8% 20% Preparations 12.6% 20% Linear alkylbenzene sulfonic acids and their salts 12.6% 23% 4,4'-Isopropylidenediphenol (bisphenol A, diphenylolpropane) and its salts 10.8% 20% Dipropylene glycol 12.6% 20% Butanone (methyl ethyl ketone) 10.8% 20% Ethyl acetate                                 10.8% 20% Methyl-, ethyl- and propylcellulose, hydroxylated 0.0% 20% Front page picture: Chemical production facilities outside Sao Paulo  Source: Union of Chemical and Petrochemical industries in the state of Sao Paulo (Sinproquim) Focus article by Jonathan Lopez Additional information by Thais Matsuda and Bruno Menini

30-Apr-2024