LONDON (ICIS)–Click here to see the latest blog post on Chemicals & The Economy by Paul Hodges, which looks at Apple’s dilemma on how to deal with the trade tariff war. Editor’s note: This blog post is an opinion piece. The views expressed are those of the author and do not necessarily represent those of ICIS. Paul Hodges is the chairman of consultants New Normal Consulting.

SINGAPORE (ICIS)–The US and China have agreed to de-escalate trade war with sharp cuts on tariffs by 14 May 2025, for an initial period of three months, according to a joint statement issued on Monday by the world’s two biggest economies. The statement was a result of a two-day closed-door discussions between officials of the two sides in Geneva, Switzerland over the weekend. The US will suspend the 24% tariffs on Chinese goods for 90 days, while retaining the remaining ad valorem rate of 10% announced on 2 April.  Tariffs announced on 8 April and 9 April will be removed. On China’s side, Beijing will lower its tariffs on US imports to 10% and suspend the 24% duties for 90 days, with other charges to be scrapped. Additionally, China will adopt all necessary administrative measures to suspend or remove the non-tariff countermeasures taken against the US since 2 April 2025. After taking these actions, the parties will establish a mechanism to continue discussions about economic and trade relations, the statement said. Visit the ICIS Topic Page: US tariffs, policy – impact on chemicals and energy.

LONDON (ICIS)–Here are some of the top stories from ICIS Europe for the week ended 9 May. Covestro Q1 EBITDA halves, but in line with expectationsCovestro’s Q1 2025 earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA) halved compared to last year, but were at the upper end of its forecast, the German producer announced on Tuesday. European orthoxylene contract price for May falls to six-month lowThe Europe orthoxylene (OX) contract price for May has fallen by €50/tonne to its lowest level in six months, driven by softer feedstock mixed xylenes (MX)  and gas costs in April. European Commission to begin investigation into PET imports from Vietnam, TurkeyThe initiation of an investigation by the European Commission into polyethylene terephthalate (PET) imports into the EU from Vietnam and Turkey is imminent, sources said. LOGISTICS: Red Sea ceasefire could boost Suez Canal, collapse freight rates, heap pressure on Europe chemicalsThe ceasefire between the US and Houthis in Yemen may crash freight rates and increase import pressure on chemical producers in Europe if it is permanent and traffic returns to the Suez Canal.

Serbian utility EPS inks long-term PPA from 168MW wind farms This could accelerate energy plans, boost PPA plans and have a bearish impact on spot power prices in the region The country plans to have 1.3GW renewable capacity by 2027 WARSAW (ICIS)–The signing of a new power purchase agreement (PPA) is set to support Serbia’s energy transition plans by 2027, local traders told ICIS. This comes as state utility Elektroprivreda Srbije (EPS) announced a 15-year PPA from two wind farms (Alibunar 1 and Alibunar 2) with a total 168MW capacity, EPS said on 8 May. “EPS will take over all the produced electricity, and the purchase and balancing price is determined on market principles, which provides an incentive to investors and allows EPS to make additional profits. This energy will also provide significant, additional security for the operation of our electricity system and the supply,” said Dusan Zivkovic, CEO of EPS. “EPS receives cheap green energy, while investors benefit from a guaranteed 15-year PPA and an auction premium. As an association, we advocate for the third round of auctions to take place as soon as possible, alongside the adoption of appropriate regulations and a new three-year auction plan,” said Danijela Isailovic, manager at local renewable group OIE Serbia, in a statement on 8 May. In 2028, this capacity will be increased by 1GW from self-balancing power plants EPS is developing with a strategic partner, and renewable production is expected to reach 50% of EPS’s total electricity output, added Zivkovic. MARKET IMPACT “This PPA is a milestone for Serbia as it will be a bearish driver for the local market spot market as renewable capacity takes over a large percentage of the current coal output,” a local trader told ICIS. EPS’s PPA will encourage the local industry to forge more PPA deals, added another market participant. “Over the coming years, we expect at least an additional 1GW of auction-winning plants to be built and new PPAs to be signed,” a local developer told ICIS. TRANSITION PLANS The large investors’ interest in Serbia’s recent second renewable tender is set to support Serbia’s energy transition plans by 2027, energy minister Dubravka Dedovic Handanovic said in February. The total capacity awarded was 645MW and the offered prices were “competitive”, resulting in €50.9/MWh for solar and €53.5/MWh for wind, “significantly below market levels”, said Handanovic. Both auctions are supported through a contract-for-difference (CfD) scheme for 15 years. All renewable plants should be online by 2027 as the country targets at least 1.3GW of new renewable capacity by the same period. Currently, Serbia has 4.4GW of coal-fired power, with coal and gas units representing 75% of the country’s energy mix, grid operator EMS data indicated.

SINGAPORE (ICIS)–Saudi Aramco’s first-quarter net income fell by 4.6% year on year to Saudi riyal (SR) 97.5 billion ($26 billion), weighed down by a combination of higher cost and lower oil prices. in SR billions Q1 2025 Q1 2024 % Change Sales 405.65 402.04 0.9 Operating profit 191.36 202.05 -5.3 Net Profit 97.54 102.27 -4.6 Its total revenue in the first three months of 2025 increased by 0.9% year on year on higher sales volumes for gas and refined and chemical products, as well as higher traded volumes of crude oil, the company said in a filing on the Saudi bourse on 11 May. Aramco’s average realized crude oil prices in Q1 2025 stood at $76.3/bbl, down from $83.0/bbl in the same period last year. “Global trade dynamics affected energy markets in the first quarter of 2025, with economic uncertainty impacting oil prices,” Aramco president & CEO Amin Nasser said in a statement. Saudi Aramco’s Q1 capital expenditures of $12.5 billion “support long-term strategic growth”. New oil and gas discoveries in Saudi Arabia, which is the world’s biggest exporter of crude oil, “reflects sustained advantage in exploration”, the company said. In February 2025, Aramco entered a definitive to acquire 25% equity stake in Unioil Petroleum Philippines to support strategic growth in downstream value chain. In the following month, Aramco completed acquisition of 50% equity interest in Blue Hydrogen Industrial Gases Co aims to capitalize on emerging opportunities for lower-carbon energy. ($1 = SR3.75) Thumbnail image: A view of Shaybah oilfield in Rub Al-Khali, Saudi Arabia – 17 December 2018 (By VALDRIN XHEMAJ/EPA-EFE/Shutterstock)

SINGAPORE (ICIS)–China is turning to hydrogen as a potential lever in efforts to decarbonize its aluminium industry, as regulators tighten emissions rules, and global buyers demand greener materials. While still in early stages of deployment, hydrogen is gaining attention for its possible role in high-temperature heating, increasing renewables in grid, and emissions reduction. The move aligns with China’s broader ambition to peak carbon emissions in the aluminium sector by 2025 and support global net-zero targets by 2050, as set by the International Aluminium Institute (IAI). Carbon market expansion enhances hydrogen’s value in aluminium Early adoption may offer global market edge Significant potential, but barriers remain In March 2025, China’s Ministry of Ecology and Environment expanded the national carbon trading market to include aluminium, steel, and cement – raising market coverage from 40% to more than 60% of national emissions. This inclusion means aluminium producers will face growing pressure to curb emissions or bear rising compliance costs. The High-Quality Development Plan for the Aluminium Industry (2025–2027), recently released by the Chinese government, makes clean energy substitution a policy priority. The strategy encourages increased use of renewable electricity and pilot applications of hydrogen in key production processes. EMISSIONS PROFILE HIGHLIGHTS DECARBONIZATION URGENCY China’s aluminium sector is responsible for 85% of emissions in the country’s nonferrous metals industry. In 2023, aluminium-related emissions hit 530 million tonnes, including 420 million tonnes from electrolytic smelting, according to the China Nonferrous Metals Industry Association. In 2024, the country produced roughly 43.7 million tonnes of electrolytic aluminium, around 60% of global output. In 2023, China produced about 41.59 million tonnes of electrolytic aluminium, and the segment consumed over 500 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity, with each tonne of aluminium requiring at least 12,000 kWh and emitting an average of 12.7 tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2), according to the National Bureau of Statistics, National Energy Agency and Ministry of Ecology and Environment. Most emissions are tied to primary production. Industry estimates suggest over 95% of the aluminium sector’s emissions stem from upstream processes such as mining, refining, and smelting, with energy use (electricity and heat) accounting for three-quarters of the total. Coal remains the dominant power source in China’s aluminium sector. The IAI and International Energy Agency (IEA) outline three primary decarbonization pathways: transitioning to low-carbon electricity, reducing process emissions, and boosting recycling rates. GREEN ELECTRICITY TARGETS DRIVE INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT The IEA estimates the carbon intensity of aluminium’s power supply must fall by 60% by 2030. Globally, about 55% of aluminium smelters rely on captive power. In China, more than 60% of aluminum smelters owned captive coal-fired power generators by September 2023, according to Ministry of Ecology and Environment. Electricity represents 30%-40% of aluminium production costs in China, according to industry sources. With renewable energy uptake still limited and preferential electricity pricing being phased out, aluminium producers are under pressure to diversify power sources and enhance flexibility via storage. The Chinese government requires the sector to raise clean electricity use to above 30% by 2027, up from less than 25% in 2023. This is spurring investment in hydropower, wind, solar, and hydrogen storage. Shanghai Metals Market data show green electricity accounted for over 25% of smelting power in 2024. In provinces such as Yunnan, Qinghai, and Sichuan, the share exceeded 80%, while coal-dominant Xinjiang and Shandong remained low at below 5% in 2023. One pilot example is Dongfang Hope Group’s Xinjiang facility, which uses a wind-solar-hydrogen integrated system to meet 95% of its electricity demand, positioning it as a “zero-carbon aluminium” site. HYDROGEN GAINS TRACTION IN HIGH-TEMPRETURE HEATING Reducing non-electric emissions – especially from alumina refining – presents another challenge. Emerging technologies such as mechanical vapor recompression (MVR), electric calcination, and hydrogen-based burners are being tested, although large-scale deployment remains years away. Hydrogen’s high heat value and clean combustion make it a candidate to replace natural gas or coal in calcination and smelting. The IEA’s Hydrogen Review 2024 highlights multiple global trials: In Australia, Rio Tinto and Sumitomo are piloting hydrogen calcination at the Yarwun refinery with a 2.5 MW electrolyser and a retrofitted calciner with a hydrogen burner. Norway’s Hydro tested aluminum smelting fired by hydrogen and produced 225 tonnes of green aluminium at its Navarra plant in Spain, approved by electric vehicles manufacturer Irizar. Tokyo Gas and LIXIL in Japan tested hydrogen heat treatment for aluminium, finding no impact on product quality. Hydrogen-based aluminium production still carries a steep price tag – up to $5,000 per tonne versus $2,000 using conventional methods. Analysts say the economics could shift if green hydrogen costs fell below $2 per kg. In China, Aluminum Corporation of China Limited (Chalco)’s Qinghai subsidiary launched a 15% hydrogen blend in natural gas for anode calcination, cutting CO2 emissions by 370,000 tonnes annually. CARBON TRADING ADDS FINANCIAL INCENTIVE With the aluminium sector now in China’s emissions trading scheme, carbon becomes a direct item in aluminium companies’ cost structures. The government supports reducing Scope 2 emissions – those from purchased electricity – via renewable energy contracts and green certificate (REC) purchases. These instruments allow companies to offset emissions and potentially trade surplus emissions carbon allowances. China issued 80 million RECs in 2023, but aluminium producers bought less than 5%; with expanded policy incentives, this could rise to 15–20% by 2027, according to industry sources. Green hydrogen, as a quantifiable emissions reducer, may also be monetized through carbon credits. China’s aluminium decarbonization strategy depends on simultaneous progress across power substitution, process innovation, and recycling. Hydrogen is not the only solution, but it is fast becoming part of the mix. Though significant development potential for adopting hydrogen, there are still barriers ahead. High hydrogen production and logistics costs, limited infrastructure with few cost-effective delivery routes to factories, and underdeveloped technologies like hydrogen calcination will continue to limit scale-up. Still, with the carbon market expanding and global demand for green aluminium rising, for China’s aluminium companies, investing early in hydrogen may help secure a greener foothold in an increasingly climate-conscious global supply chain. Analysis by Patricia Tao Visit the Hydrogen Topic Page for more update on hydrogen

SINGAPORE (ICIS)–Here are the top stories from ICIS News Asia and the Middle East for the week ended 9 May. S Arabia’s SABIC swings to Q1 net loss amid higher operating costs By Jonathan Yee 05-May-25 11:36 SINGAPORE (ICIS)–SABIC swung to a net loss of Saudi riyal (SR) 1.21 billion ($323 million) in the first quarter on the back of higher feedstock prices and operating costs, the Saudi Arabian chemicals giant said on 4 May. Ethane fuss cools for NE Asia C2, positions reassessed over Labor Day break By Josh Quah 05-May-25 20:24 SINGAPORE (ICIS)–The early May holidays probably could not have come at a more appropriate time for Asia ethylene players, with players noting that the pause in spot discussions was a good time to take stock of positions going into June shipment talks. Malaysia’s Lotte Chemical Titan narrows Q1 net loss on improved margins By Nurluqman Suratman 06-May-25 14:46 SINGAPORE (ICIS)–LOTTE Chemical Titan (LCT) narrowed its first quarter (Q1) net loss to ringgit (M$) 125.7 million ($29.7 million) amid improved margins, the Malaysian producer said on 5 May. Singapore’s Aster acquires CPSC at undisclosed fee By Nurluqman Suratman 07-May-25 12:33 SINGAPORE (ICIS)–Aster Chemicals and Energy has reached a sales and purchase agreement to acquire Chevron Phillips Singapore Chemicals (CPSC) through its affiliate, Chandra Asri Capital, at an undisclosed fee, the Singapore-based producer said on Wednesday. Vietnam’s economy to slow despite exports jump, lower inflation – Moody’s By Jonathan Yee 07-May-25 16:16 SINGAPORE (ICIS)–Escalating trade tensions with the US are casting a shadow over Vietnam’s growth trajectory in 2025, despite continued growth in exports as well as lower inflation. China SM plagued by weak fundamentals and falling feedstock By Aviva Zhang 07-May-25 16:44 SINGAPORE (ICIS)–China’s styrene monomer (SM) prices fell sharply in April, as a result of decreasing crude oil prices and weak end-user demand expectations caused by the China-US tariff conflicts. The domestic market is likely to face headwinds from supply, feedstock and downstream sectors in May. Asia refined glycerine trades to Europe to be spurred by weak Chinese demand By Helen Yan 08-May-25 14:43 SINGAPORE (ICIS)–European demand for refined glycerine may lend support to regional glycerine producers in southeast Asia, who have been faced with persistently sluggish Chinese demand. Asia VAM plant margins to get a lift from westbound trades By Hwee Hwee Tan 09-May-25 13:08 SINGAPORE (ICIS)–Asia’s vinyl acetate monomer (VAM) producers are eyeing improved netbacks from expansion in westbound shipments as regional trade margins narrow into the second quarter. Asia capro remains pressured by weak benzene, cautious demand outlook By Isaac Tan 09-May-25 13:11 SINGAPORE (ICIS)–Spot prices for caprolactam (capro) in Asia continued to soften in the week ending 7 May, weighed down by persistent losses in the upstream benzene market and a lack of recovery in downstream demand. China Apr export growth slows to 8.1% amid tariff uncertainty By Nurluqman Suratman 09-May-25 16:03 SINGAPORE (ICIS)–China’s export growth slowed to 8.1% year on year in April from 12.4% in March in US dollar terms, underscoring the increasing impact of US tariffs amid ongoing uncertainty surrounding a potential trade agreement.

HOUSTON (ICIS)–Rates for shipping containers were stable to higher this week as carriers have reduced capacity by 4-5% along the trade route amid efforts to stop the slide in prices, but capacity could surge and put downward pressure on rates if the Red Sea ceasefire holds. On 6 May, US president Donald Trump announced that a peace deal had been struck between the US and Houthi rebels, which would bring attacks against shipping to an end in the Red Sea. Since the start of 2024, traffic through the Suez Canal has collapsed and remains at roughly half pre-Gaza conflict levels. CONTAINER RATES Rates from online freight shipping marketplace and platform provider Freightos were flat week on week, and supply chain advisors Drewry showed a 4% increase in rates from Shanghai to New York and a 5% increase from Shanghai to Los Angeles, as shown in the following chart. Drewry expects rates to be less volatile in the coming week as carriers are reorganizing their capacity to reflect a lower volume of cargo bookings from China. Judah Levine, head of research at Freightos, said many US importers have paused orders out of China, but shippers (as well as manufacturers) can hold out only so long before consumers will start to see empty shelves or higher prices. Import cargo at the nation’s major container ports is expected to see its first year-on-year decline in over a year and a half this month as the effect of tariffs increases, according to the Global Port Tracker report released today by the National Retail Federation and Hackett Associates as shown in the following chart. Alan Murphy, CEO, Sea-Intelligence, said carriers have reduced capacity by 4-5% in April and May on the transpacific trade lane. “When we look across what was deployed in April and what is scheduled for May combined, blanked capacity accounts for 19% of the total Asia to North America West Coast (NAWC) planned capacity, and 17% of the total Asia to North America East Coast (NAEC) planned capacity, across those two months,” Murphy said. “But a high level of blank sailings does not automatically translate into a large reduction of capacity year on year, if the originally planned level of capacity, without blank sailings, constituted a large increase in capacity deployment on a year-on-year basis,” Murphy said. Kip Louttit, executive director of the Marine Exchange of Southern California (MESC), said the ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach are seeing fewer arrivals than normal. “For example, only 22 arrived the first five days of May, whereas 28.5 arrivals would be normal,” Louttit said. “Only nine are scheduled to arrive in the next three days, whereas 17 in three days would be normal.” Container ships and costs for shipping containers are relevant to the chemical industry because while most chemicals are liquids and are shipped in tankers, container ships transport polymers, such as polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP), are shipped in pellets. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is also shipped in containers. They also transport liquid chemicals in isotanks. LIQUID TANKER RATES UNCHANGED US chemical tanker freight rates assessed by ICIS were steady this week with rates remaining unchanged week on week despite continuing to see downward pressure for several trade lanes. For yet another week, there is downward pressure on rates along the USG-Asia trade lane as charterers are still in wait-and-see mode. Besides contract of affreightment (COA) cargoes, there is very little seen in the market. The tariffs and uncertainty continue to dampen the spot market, pressuring rates. As a result, owners are sending fewer vessels and therefore keeping rates stable for now due to the lack of available tonnage. Similarly, rates from the USG to ARA and all other trade lanes also held steady. Although COA volumes are lower there are also fewer spot inquiries available. Despite the lack of interest, rates remain unchanged as the clean petroleum products (CPP) market continues to remain soft leaving those vessels to participate in the chemical sector and pressuring chemical rates lower. However, several cargoes of styrene, methanol and caustic soda continue to be seen in the market. From the USG to Brazil, this trade lane had seen more inquiries, but there is plenty of available space for the balance of May lending downward pressure to spot rates. This is leaving most owners still trying to fill up prompt partial space to WCSAM and to ECSAM for 2H May. Rates are soft and have lost some ground. During the past week large parcels of MEG and caustic soda were seen in the market and as well as a CPP cargo further demonstrating the length in the market and weighing down on rates. Along the USG to India route the spot market is stable and with its usual slow pace. No new cargoes have been heard from the US. With additional reporting by Will Beacham and Kevin Callahan Visit the US tariffs, policy – impact on chemicals and energy topic page Visit the Logistics: Impact on chemicals and energy topic page

TORONTO (ICIS)–Pembina Pipeline does not expect material near-term impacts from the US tariffs or from the delay of Dow’s Path2Zero petrochemicals project in Alberta province, the top executives of the Canadian midstream energy company told analysts in an update on Friday. TARIFFS Given the “highly contracted” take-or-pay nature of Pembina’s energy business, there should be no material near-term impacts from tariffs, they said. Also, Pembina’s energy products were compliant with the US-Mexico-Canada (USMCA) trade agreement, they added and went on to note that USMCA-compliant products were currently not subject to the 10% US tariff on energy. Furthermore, so far, the company has not observed any significant changes to producer activity in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (WCSB) because of the tariffs, they said. PATH2ZEROPembina executives noted that although Dow delayed Path2Zero, it reiterated its commitment to the project. Therefore, other than changing the in-service timelines, the delay should have no impact on Pembina’s agreement to supply Path2Zero with ethane, they said. Up till now, Pembina has not spent “material capital” on building capacity and infrastructure to support the ethane supply agreement, and it does not expect to do so in 2025, they said. The company would continue to assess options on how to supply the ethane in the most cost-effective way, and the delay would give it more time to do so, they said. Options included building an additional de-ethanizer tower at Pembina’s Redwater fractionation complex in Alberta, they said. Analysts asked whether the supply deal included a “sunset clause” in case the Path2Zero delay should turn out to be substantial, but the Pembina executives declined to comment on this. An analyst also asked whether Canadian policies or other factors may have played a part in the delay of Path2Zero, but the Pembina executives decline to comment. Canada’s federal government in March suspended the country’s consumer carbon tax but left industrial carbon pricing in place. Carbon pricing is key in ensuring the viability of low-emissions industrial projects. Trade group Chemistry Industry Association of Canada (CIAC) supports industrial carbon pricing as a tool to encourage companies to reduce emissions in a cost-effective way. However, the trade group has suggested that in light of the ongoing trade and tariff tensions, Canada may want to review its industrial carbon pricing rules. Thumbnail Photo: Pembina’s Redwater fractionation complex northeast of Edmonton, Alberta. (Source: Pembina)